contraception

Contraception Spokesperson: sexologist How should newlyweds avoid contraception? The preferred method for newlyweds is condoms. The condoms currently produced are thin and soft, basically do not affect Pleasure, and are easy to use, but there are also problems with how to use them correctly. The second is contraceptive pills, preferably short-acting Oral contraceptives (No. 1, No. 2, No. 18A). When the wedding date is decided, the bride must start taking the medicine on the fifth day of her menstrual period before the wedding, and stop taking the medicine after taking 22 tablets. If you continue to take contraceptive pills, start taking the next cycle of pills from the fifth day of menstruation. If you take the medicine for a long time and want to have a baby, you should stop taking the medicine first and use other contraceptive methods for half a year before getting pregnant. If it is too late to take medicine in advance before marriage, you can use visiting medicine during the honeymoon and switch to short-acting medicine later. The third commonly used method is the external contraceptive membrane. When using the medicated film, firstly, you must insist on it, and secondly, you should add another film when sexual intercourse lasts a long time, otherwise the effect will be affected. The use of intrauterine contraceptive devices is generally not recommended for newly married women. As for contraception during the safe period, since ovulation is affected by many factors, it is actually not safe to use. It is also not recommended to use contraception in women with hepatitis and nephritis. Patients with hepatitis and nephritis are not suitable for Oral or injectable contraceptives, because the drug must be detoxified and excreted by the liver and kidneys. , which will increase the burden on the liver and kidneys. Condoms, IUDs, or external contraceptive pills can be used to prevent pregnancy. Patients with heart disease should not use Oral and injectable contraceptives, nor should they use birth control rings. They can choose condoms or vaginal diaphragms. Diabetic patients or women with a Family history of diabetes should not take Birth Control Pills, because a SMall number of people will experience a slight increase in blood sugar after taking the pill, which may cause the original latent diabetes to develop into overt diabetes. Condoms, vaginal diaphragms, or intrauterine devices can be used for contraception. Women suffering from acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, severe cervicitis and other diseases should not wear an IUD or use a vaginal diaphragm to avoid introducing pathogens into the body and causing uterine infection. You can use condoms or Birth Control Pills. Women with allergic constitution can use intrauterine devices to avoid allergic reactions caused by contraceptive creams, membranes and condoms. Women who usually have heavy or frequent menstruation or irregular vaginal bleeding should not use condoms, vaginal diaphragms, long-acting contraceptive pills or birth control rings. They should take Oral contraceptive pill No. 2 to reduce menstrual flow. Those who usually have infrequent menstruation or amenorrhea can choose condoms or vaginal diaphragms for contraception. Is it better to have female sterilization or male sterilization? Sterilization of either male or female can achieve the purpose of permanent contraception. However, the structures of male and female reproductive organs are different, and the fallopian tubes and vas deferens are located in different locations, so the difficulty of surgery is also different. The female reproductive organs are hidden deep in the pelvic cavity below the abdominal cavity. When sterilizing, whether it is surgical ligation or laparoscopic clip placement, it must be performed through an abdominal wall incision. The technique of finding fallopian tubes is not easy to master, and if the recipient is fat, the operation will become more difficult. If you are not careful during the operation, surrounding tissues and organs may be damaged. The male reproductive organs are located outside the body, and a section of the vas deferens is just under the skin of the scrotum, which feels like a matchstick. The fat on the skin of the scrotum is thin, so it is easy to find. Whether cutting off or ligating, or taking medicineAdhesive blockage can be performed under the skin and there is no concern about damaging other tissues and organs. The operation time is short, the post-operative rest is also short, and no hospitalization is required. Therefore, male sterilization is superior to female sterilization and should be strongly promoted. What should an elderly couple do if they have a child with mental retardation? In medicine, pregnant women over 35 years old are classified as "pregnant women of advanced age." pregnancy for older women involves a series of problems and risks, the most prominent of which is the birth of children with conGenital dementia and conGenital malformations. Taking the most common "conGenital malignant syndrome" as an example, some statistics show that when the mother is 30 years old when she gets pregnant, the frequency of conGenital malignant syndrome among newborns is 1 in 885; when the mother is 35 years old, the risk of giving birth to a child with malignant syndrome is higher SMaller, but more likely than a husband of the same age to give birth to a child with a stupor. Therefore, after pregnancy, elderly couples should go to genetic counseling clinics to receive prenatal diagnosis of the fetus. Once an abnormality is discovered, elective abortion should be performed immediately. This will relieve the Family's financial and mental burden and help improve the quality of the country's population. If you have given birth to a child with mental retardation or deformity, what should you do if you want to have another child? There are many reasons for giving birth to a child with mental retardation or deformity. The main ones are: one is genetic disease. Such as conGenital stupidity in chromosomal diseases; hydrocephalus in polygenic genetic diseases; various inborn errors of metaboliSM in single-gene inheritance, etc. The degree of dementia or deformity of this kind of baby is more serious. If another baby is born, the chance of having the same baby is much higher than that of the average person. Another type of dementia or malformation is mental abnormality or malformation caused by biological, chemical and physical factors that women suffer during pregnancy, causing irreversible damage to the central nervous system of the fetus. This can be avoided in another pregnancy. Another is that damage during pregnancy and childbirth can also affect the baby's intelligence, such as intracranial hemorrhage caused by birth trauma during delivery, kernicterus caused by neonatal hemolytic disease, etc. Most of these reasons can be avoided in the second delivery. Women who have given birth to an abnormal child should go to a genetic counseling institution for consultation before becoming pregnant again to understand the risk of having an abnormal child again. If the risk is high and there is a lack of reliable prenatal diagnosis methods or effective treatment measures after delivery, do not Reborn. If you can get pregnant again, you must follow the doctor's instructions for prenatal diagnosis and regular prenatal examinations. If abnormalities are found, the pregnancy should be terminated immediately to avoid the recurrence of abnormal children. Abnormal babies caused by damage during pregnancy and childbirth must also be dealt with according to the cause, such as avoiding the invasion of teratogenic factors during pregnancy, choosing an appropriate delivery method, preparing and taking measures to rescue the baby during delivery, and carefully monitoring the baby after delivery. Observe carefully and treat any abnormalities in time. If pregnant women follow the above principles, it is possible to have a SMart and healthy child. How to use a condom correctly? Some people think that a condom just needs to be put on the penis during use, and everyone can use it. In fact, this is not the case. Because male genitals vary in size depending on individual development, you must first select the number according to personal conditions before use. The condom is made of thin, high-quality latex and comes in three sizes: large, medium and SMall. If you choose improperly, it will be too SMall to fit on and easy to break; if it is too big, it will slip off easily, causing failure. In order to achieve good contraceptive effect, it should be used correctly.​Before use, blow air to expand the cover and check for air leakage. If there is no air leakage, roll up the condom as it is, flatten the SMall sac at the front end, expel the air, put it on the glans of the erect penis, and then slowly roll it down until it wraps the entire penis. After ejaculation, before the penis is completely soft, pinch the mouth of the condom and pull it out together with the penis, so as to prevent the condom from falling off and Semen overflowing into the Vagina. If you find that the condom has broken after sex, the woman should immediately stand up or squat down to allow the Semen to drain out, and then inject contraceptive cream into the Vagina or insert external contraceptive tablets (suppositories), pills, or Oral contraceptive tablets "53" Take 1 tablet, then take 1 tablet per day for 2 consecutive days. You can also wrap a soft cloth with your fingers, dip it in warm soapy water and insert it into the Vagina to wash out the Semen. Instructions for placing the IUD The placement of the IUD must be carried out under strict disinfection conditions after examination of the whole body and reproductive system. When placing the IUD, you should pay attention to the following: 1. The person wearing the IUD should ask the doctor about the model of the IUD, so as to provide the doctor with a reference when removing the IUD or when it is due to be replaced. 2. sexual intercourse and bathing in the bath are prohibited within 2 weeks after the ring is placed. 3. You should rest for a few days after the release of the ring. You should not do heavy physical labor or strenuous exercise within a week, and walk less. 4. After IUD, if there is heavy menstrual blood, a SMall amount of vaginal bleeding, backache and abdominal pain, most of them can return to normal after 2-3 months. If there is excessive bleeding, you should go to the hospital in time. If the side effects are serious, the ring should be removed. However, it is not advisable to remove the ring when there is acute inflammation. 5. It is best for those who have IUDs to go to the hospital for regular check-ups in the first, third and sixth months to prevent the IUD from falling off during menstruation or other circumstances, causing contraceptive failure. The contraceptive effect of the IUD is more than 90%, but some people still get pregnant after inserting the IUD. This may be because: the IUD has fallen out and I did not notice it; although the IUD is in the uterine cavity, it is not in the correct position, is lower or close to the uterus. The mouth of the uterus cannot come into contact with the endometrium, so it cannot prevent the implantation and development of the pregnant egg; some people have large and deformed uterine cavities and improper ring selection. Although the ring is in the uterine cavity, it is not in contact with the endometrium. The contact is not sufficient and the contraceptive effect is not achieved. Who should not release rings? 1. Severe systemic acute and chronic diseases: such as heart failure, severe anemia, blood diseases and the acute stages of various diseases are not suitable for IUD, because the common menstruation, leucorrhea, lower abdominal discomfort, etc. in the early stage of IUD can increase the patient's pain. or aggravate the condition. Menstruation will increase significantly after IUD for those with bleeding tendency. 2. Reproductive organ inflammation: such as acute pelvic inflammatory disease, vaginitis, and severe cervical erosion without treatment. Bacteria on the Vagina and cervix can be brought into the uterine cavity during the IUD procedure, causing pelvic inflammatory disease. The condition of patients with original pelvic inflammatory disease may worsen after IUD insertion. 3. For those with frequent menstruation and severe dySMenorrhea: After IUD, the menstrual period will continue to be prolonged. In addition, the original menstrual cycle is short, which may cause the uterus to bleed for a longer period of time and easily cause pelvic infection. For those with severe dySMenorrhea, ring insertion may aggravate the condition. 4. Those with reproductive organ tumors: Whether they are malignant or benign tumors, once diagnosed, surgery should be performed promptly, and contraceptive methods should be chosen as appropriate after cure. 5. The uterine cavity is greater than 9 cm but less than 5 cm, and the uterus is brightIf the cervix is ​​prolapsed, the cervix is ​​too loose, the laceration is severe, or it is hard and cannot expand, it is not suitable to insert the ring: because the uterine cavity is too large or too SMall, there is no suitable model to choose from, and the cervix is ​​loose, the laceration is severe, or the uterus is prolapsed. It is easy to detach. What are the common methods of female sterilization? 1. Transabdominal SMall incision sterilization: a SMall incision is made on the abdominal wall, the fallopian tube is found and then cut and ligated. The surgery is simple and can be performed after menstruation or postpartum. This is the most widely used method in China. 2. Laparoscopic sterilization: The laparoscope is inserted through the abdominal wall, and a section of the fallopian tube is coagulated, looped, or clipped under the microscope. This method has been implemented in hospitals with conditions. 3. Adhesive sterilization: A metal catheter is placed through the vaginal cervix at the opening of the fallopian tube in the uterine cavity, and then the adhesive drug is injected into the fallopian tube through a plastic tube in the metal tube, causing chemical inflammation and occlusion of the fallopian tube. Because it is not operated under direct vision, the success rate is affected to a certain extent, and it has not been widely promoted. For the first two methods, the surgery can be performed under local anesthesia, while the latter method does not require anesthesia. All surgical methods are less painful and can be tolerated. Sterilization surgery is a once and for all procedure, and is most suitable for women who already have two children. How long can I leave the contraceptive ring in place? The placement time of IUD varies depending on the type. 1. Stainless steel ring: It is the oldest and most common type of ring in my country. At the beginning, the storage period was stipulated as 5 years. However, a large number of clinical observations have proven that after the contraceptive ring has been placed for more than 10-20 years, the quality of the stainless steel will not change and there will be no adverse reactions in the endometrium. Therefore, it is now recognized that the stainless steel metal ring can be placed for 20 years. The above can even be used as a lifelong contraceptive tool and can be removed at menopause. 2. Plastic rings and contraceptive rings containing copper wire: Because plastic ages and hardens easily, and copper wires can corrode and even fall apart, they are required to be kept for 3-5 years. 3. Silicone rubber ring: Currently, its clinical application is gradually increasing. It is more resistant to aging than plastic rings, so it can be left in place longer. What should you pay attention to when inserting an IUD during breastfeeding? The uterine muscle wall of women with lactational amenorrhea is thin and the tissue is soft, which can easily cause perforation during the operation. Special care should be taken during the operation. Long-term breastfeeding after childbirth can cause the uterus to shrink and become SMaller. If the uterine cavity is less than 5 cm, it is not suitable to insert the ring temporarily. If you forcefully insert a SMall-sized ring, when the ovarian function recovers, menstruation begins, and the uterus returns to normal size, the ring will be relatively SMall and cannot contact the normal walls of the uterus, which may lead to pregnancy with the ring. Before lactation and amenorrhea women undergo IUD, early pregnancy should be ruled out. In addition to checking the size of the uterus, a pregnancy test should be done. Because it is possible to become pregnant during amenorrhea. When is the appropriate time to release the ring? 1. 3-7 days after menstruation, the endometrium is thin at this time and is in the proliferative phase. Minor damage caused by the insertion of the ring can be repaired quickly. In addition, the cervix is ​​tight at this time and it is not easy to fall off after insertion. 2. Immediate insertion of the ring after artificial abortion can save the need for another surgery and prevent pregnancy immediately after artificial abortion. But the abortion operation must be done well, with no tissue left behind. 3. For spontaneous abortion or mid-term induced labor, the IUD should be inserted after a normal menstruation to avoidInfection or bleeding. 4. Three months after full-term delivery, the uterus has recovered at this time, and the uterine cavity is almost normal. Moreover, most people have not yet resumed ovulation, and the chance of conception is less. After 3 months and the ovarian function resumes ovulation, you can still get pregnant even if you don’t have menstruation (ovulate first and then menstruate. If you conceive after ovulation, you will no longer menstruate, which is the so-called dark pregnancy), so it can’t be later. 5. The IUD is inserted half a year after cesarean section. There are scars on the uterus after cesarean section, and the uterus involution is slow, so the IUD must be inserted six months after the operation. Other contraceptive measures should be taken during this period. Because artificial abortion is performed soon after a cesarean section, it is difficult to perform and can cause problems easily. sexual life after IUD The main contraceptive effect of IUD is to affect the implantation of fertilized eggs. After the IUD is placed in the uterus, the uterine cavity is affected by foreign bodies and produces a cellular reaction. This reaction is a non-bacterial inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, which greatly increases white blood cells and phagocytes. At the same time, the tissue in the cells also changes. This reaction Slight endometrium changes change the conditions for the growth and development of fertilized eggs, hinder the implantation of fertilized eggs, and promote the discharge of fertilized eggs from the body. In addition, the IUD can cause the local release of prostaglandins, change the uterine muscles and enhance the peristalsis of the fallopian tube, preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine membrane. The IUD only works on the contact surface within the uterine cavity, changing the growth and development conditions of fertilized eggs

. This effect is only partial. It is local and does not affect the secretion of other organs in the body and the reproductive system, so it does not affect sexual life. After the IUD is removed, the fertilized egg can implant, grow and develop in the endometrium. Therefore, placing an IUD will not affect subsequent pregnancies. However, after the ring is removed, in order to allow the endometrium a period of recovery, it is best to use other methods of contraception for several months before becoming pregnant. How to use the contraceptive membrane? The contraceptive membrane is easy to use and is not restricted by the menstrual cycle, so it is very popular. However, there are also many failures due to improper use. The drug film is a film prepared with appropriate amounts of three types of spermicide (alkyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol), film-forming agent (water-soluble medicinal polyvinyl alcohol) and lubricant (glycerol). Wash your hands before use, knead 1 piece of the medicine film into a soft ball, and insert it deep into the Vagina with your index finger. If you feel that the medicine film is sticking to your hand, you can rotate it in the Vagina once, take off the film and continue to push it in. Wait 10 minutes to half an hour for the medicine film to dissolve before having sex. Please note when using: 1. You must insist on using it every time you have sexual intercourse. If intercourse takes a long time, you can take 1 additional tablet. 2. Each piece of the medicine film is separated by paper to prevent moisture and adhesion. When using, pay attention to the difference between the medicine film and the paper. Do not mistake the paper for the medicine film. What issues should be paid attention to after the ring is released? 1. Keep the Vulva clean after inserting the ring, and sexual intercourse and bathing in the bath are prohibited during the period. Normally, cervical mucus acts like a plug, preventing bacteria from entering the uterine cavity. The embolus was removed during the insertion of the ring, and the minor damage to the endometrium has not been repaired. sexual intercourse at this time may easily lead to infection. 2. Rest properly after surgery and reduce labor to avoid the birth control pill that has just been inserted.The ring quickly came out of the looser cervix. 3. There is often a SMall amount of bleeding and increased leucorrhea in the short term after the IUD. This is because the endometrium is abraded during the IUD and the endometrial tissue is stimulated to secrete more. If the bleeding is more than menstrual bleeding or lasts for more than 1 week, you should see a doctor for treatment. 4. Regular reexaminations are required after the ring is released. Generally, it is required to check once after 1 month, 3 months, half a year, and 1 year after the ring is released, and then once a year until it is removed. Because the bleeding and shedding of the ring usually occur within half a year to one year, regular inspections can detect it in time and take care of it on your own. What should I do if I miss taking the birth control pill? When using short-acting contraceptive pills, it is required to take one pill every night starting from the fifth day of menstruation, and take 22 pills in a row without missing any. If you miss a dose, estrogen levels in the blood drop, causing vaginal bleeding, which is called breakthrough bleeding. The incidence of breakthrough bleeding is closely related to missed doses. If you miss one dose, the incidence of bleeding will be 15%; if you miss two doses, the incidence of bleeding will be 20%-60%; if you miss three doses, the incidence of bleeding will be 60%-100%. Therefore, you should avoid missing doses while taking the medicine. . If you miss a dose, take 1 more tablet in time the next morning. If the missed dose bleeding is as heavy as menstruation, you should stop taking the medicine, count it as one menstruation, and start taking the next cycle of medicine on the fifth day. Missing a dose may not only cause bleeding, but also affect the contraceptive effect. Therefore, you must pay great attention to your thoughts when taking medicine. To prevent missed doses of contraception, the contraceptive pills should be placed in a convenient place next to the bed, and the husband is also responsible for reminding him at any time. How to take short-acting contraceptive pills? Although there are several types of short-acting contraceptive pills, the method of taking them is exactly the same, that is, starting from the first day of menstruation and starting on the fifth day (never start 5 days after menstruation is clean), take one pill every night for 22 days. , cannot be interrupted. If you miss a dose, you should make it up in time the next morning. Menstruation will occur naturally within 1-3 days after stopping the medication, and on the fifth day of menstruation, the medication will begin again for the next week. If you still have no menstruation after stopping the medicine for 7 days, you should start taking the next cycle of medicine. If there is no menstruation for 3 consecutive months, stop taking the medicine and use other methods of contraception, otherwise you may become pregnant once ovulation resumes. If pregnancy does not occur after ovulation, the endometrium will fall off and menstruation will occur. In other words, ovulation occurs before menstruation. If no measures are taken, pregnancy may occur before menstruation. Long-acting and short-acting contraceptive pills should not be mixed. There are three types of Oral contraceptive pills: long-acting, short-acting and Family-visiting pills. Generally, it is taken alone. If you are worried about contraceptive failure and mix long-acting and short-acting contraceptive pills, or take long-acting contraceptive pills as short-acting progestational pills, serious consequences will occur. Because long-acting contraceptive pills generally only take one piece per month, while short-acting contraceptive pills start on the 5th day of menstruation, take one pill every day for 22 days. If long-acting contraceptive pills and short-acting contraceptive pills are taken at the same time, or long-acting contraceptive pills are taken as short-acting pills, the dosage will increase, resulting in liver function damage and jaundice, which often requires more than a year of treatment. To restore health. Therefore, long-acting and short-acting contraceptive pills should not be mixed and should be taken individually. Unreliable contraceptive methods 1. In vitro sperm removal method. In vitro Semen contraceptive method is to withdraw the penis from the Vagina before ejaculation and discharge the Semen outside the Vagina to avoidpurpose of pregnancy. This method is not easy to master and can easily lead to excessive mental stress on both sides of the couple. Sudden interruption of sexual intercourse will affect sexual Pleasure, and may lead to pregnancy due to less Semen entering the Vagina before ejaculation. Therefore, although the method of removing Semen outside the body is simple, it is best not to use it because the contraceptive effect is unreliable. 2. Compress the urethra. The urethral compression contraceptive method means that the man presses his fingers on the perineum for 1 minute before ejaculation, thereby closing the urethra and allowing the discharged Semen to flow back into the bladder. This method makes it difficult to control the time of ejaculation and the exact location of compression. It has similar shortcomings to external Semen discharge, so it should not be used.－－－－－－－－－－